Leadership Traits of Hilary Clinton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Authority Traits of Hilary Clinton - Assignment Example Clinton can be followed to safeguard various significant attributes that drove her to turn into a fruitful innovator in various circles. A colossal inclination of strength and versatility towards performing various jobs in different basic circumstances has been obviously seen to be one of the ways, which drove her to turn into a famous just as a fruitful pioneer. On a further note, the reliable spotlight on keeping up a solid arrangement of qualities and hard working attitudes with having certain conduct attributes can likewise be properly considered as the other method of driving Mrs. Clinton to be a compelling pioneer (Shambaugh, 2010). Concerning the essential standards and key components, the administration styles of Mrs. Clinton can be identified with that of the capacities performed by a fruitful director. It very well may be insisted from a more extensive understanding that specific features or characteristics of Mrs. Clinton at last drove her to turn into a chief also. In such manner, these features or characteristics can be estimated regarding having more noteworthy inclination of strength and most indispensably be settling on viable choices towards relieving any kind of dangers among others (Shambaugh, 2010). Regardless of the commonness of solid qualities and moral directs, the administration styles of Mrs. Clinton were additionally seen to concentrate on a lot of manly qualities, for example, following progressively definitive and angry authority standards. It merits referencing that during her residency as the US Senator, the authority standards of Mrs. Clinton had been seen to incorporate an all around characterized set of qualities that altogether helped her to perform doled out jobs and capacities productively. Also, Mrs. Clinton successfully managed the difficulties that looked by her while performing differed works as a Senator (Shambaugh, 2010). Consequently, it tends to be certified that the above-examined administration aptitudes and skills do Mrs. Clinton satisfy as a fruitful pioneer or a chief.

ASU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ASU - Essay Example I have consistently been sluggish about going to these sorts of occasion yet it ended up being beneficial for me. I generally believed that it was exhausting and futile, at the same time, in reality it was a good time for me. Back home we don't have these sorts of occasions where all the understudies in a school head off to some place or accomplish something together. Indeed, at ASU everything is extraordinary and new to me so I enjoyed the experience, however one of my companions didn't care for it by any means. Before the finish of the occasion while we were returning down he got a cerebral pain, and I accused myself as being answerable for this, since I had brought him nearby me. Toward the starting he didn’t need to come however I put in no time flat persuading him until he consented to accompany me and my other companion. All things considered, that was an extraordinary day for me, I enjoyed it, and I would like to do it again. It was the first run through for me to go to a football coordinate since we don't have that back home. I was anxious on observing the enormous number of fans who had turned up for the football coordinate. It was only my companion and I that had gone to the game and it was extremely packed, so there was a great deal of commotion originating from everywhere throughout the arena. I preferred what was happening from the start however then it sort of bothered me, so I was wanting to leave the match, only 15 minutes after it had started. This was my absolute first involvement with an arena that large and what actually a football coordinated resembled as a general rule. The experience was altogether different from what I had seen before on TV. While I was watching the match, I got exhausted since I don't have the foggiest idea about the principles of the game or how the game should be played, so I didn't discover it that fascinating to me. I have for the longest time been itching to go to a football coordinate, however I attended, I am worried about the possibility that that could be the first and last time for me to go to such a match once more. This is for the sole explanation that I am not the sort of an individual who prefers large hordes of individuals notwithstanding a lot of commotion

November 1 Updates

November 1 Updates [Editors note in 2017: This post contains outdated contact information. If you are having trouble contacting your assigned EC, please email [emailprotected] or call the Admissions Office at 617-253-3400.] Its November 1. MIT Early Action applicants are wondering, whats next? And Regular Action applicants may be now starting their applications in earnest. Here are some updates from the Admissions Office Early Action Tracking: Please be patient with the MyMIT Tracking. We are currently processing more than 10,000 documents which have all arrived in just the past few days. Do not call or email looking for missing documents until we post a blog entry saying that we have processed all materials. It may take us up to two more weeks for your materials to show up on the tracking system. However, if you have submitted your materials by the deadline, you are fine for EA. Storm: Due to the devastating snowstorm that hit the northeastern United States this past weekend, we are extending our application deadline for students affected by the storm (i.e., those students who lost power for 24 hours or more). The new deadline for those students is November 6th, 2011, at 11:59 PM. For all other students, we will still require you to submit the application by the normal deadline, which is today. Interview: If you have already interviewed with your EC, or have scheduled your interview for the near future, you are all set. Do not worry if your interview report has not yet appeared on your MyMIT Tracking; the deadline for ECs to submit their reports has not yet arrived. If you wish, you may now fill out the conducted interview form and we will be sure to get the interview report. Midyear Report: I know that the Midyear Report box is sitting there, unchecked. Dont worry about this unless you are deferred from EA to RA. This form will not be made available until well after EA decisions are released. Decisions: The admissions officers will be reading these applications all of November into December. We have not yet determined on what date we will release EA decisions. It will likely be sometime in mid-December, but you should wait for an official announcement from our office. We have not yet determined when the announcement will be made; it usually is about a week before decisions are released. Regular Action Interviews: The deadline to contact your interviewer (EC) is December 10. My recommendation, though, is to contact your EC before Thanksgiving, or even to do it now, if youre reading this. Your ECs contact information can be found on your MyMIT application portal. (Students with waived interviews are at no disadvantage.) If your EC has not gotten back to you, but it has been only a short time since you made contact (say, a week), be patient. By having contacted the EC before the deadline, you have taken your important step. If your EC has not gotten back to you, and it has been a long time (say, two weeks with multiple attempts to contact), please either call the Educational Council at 617-258-5510 or email us at interview at mit dot edu. Recommendations: Recommendation forms are available on your MyMIT portal. It is okay if your teacher or counselor does not include the MIT cover sheet with their letter. We prefer to receive it, but letters without it are at no disadvantage. We will accept your schools own forms, the NACAC forms, or the Common App forms. You can submit teacher letters and school forms (such as transcripts) in three ways. Please use only one method; duplicate submission will only slow down the processing. If your school uses Naviance/Docufide to submit letters of evaluation and transcripts, your school can send these documents directly to MIT, a registered Docufide Document recipient. This is true even though MIT doe snot use the Common App; submission of materials works in the same way. We encourage you to have your school use Naviance/Docufide over other means of document submission, if possible. Please do not send additional copies via fax or mail. You can fax the documents to us. All letters must be typed or written on official school letterhead and signed by the evaluator. Letters not on school letterhead and not signed by evaluators will not be accepted. Please do not send additional copies via Docufide or mail. Documents may be faxed to: (617) 687-9184. You can mail documents to us. All letters must be typed or written on official school letterhead and signed by the evaluator. Letters not on school letterhead and not signed by evaluators will not be accepted. Please do not send additional copies via Docufide or fax. Envelopes may be addressed to: MIT Admissions; Room 10-100; 77 Massachusetts Avenue; Cambridge, MA 02139. Supplemental Information: For art, music, and athletic supplements, please follow the instructions on the website. For any other supplemental information that needs to be sent, please include the MIT Supplemental Document Cover Sheet from MyMIT for any additional documents you send. It helps with filing. (Documents without the cover sheet will be fine, too, as long as there is enough information for us to match the document with your file.) Other schools: I know that many regular action applicants are applying early (action, decision, or otherwse) to another school. I still encourage you to work on your MIT application in the meantime. Working on the MIT RA application, and even submitting documents, is not a violation of an ED or SCEA agreement that I am aware of. Of particular importance is the interview: MITs deadline for contacting your interviewer is December 10, which is before most early admissions decisions are released. You should schedule your interview before December 10, even if you are awaiting another schools decision. Interviews are strongly recommended. In fact, last year, of eligible applicants, we admitted 12.4% of those who had an interview (or who had their interview waived) but only 1.4% of those who chose not to interview. Tracking: Application tracking is available on MyMIT after you submit your Part 1. For this reason, I recommend submitting your Part 1 sooner rather than later, so that you can track your documents.

Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge - 1127 Words

Out of all the stories I have read in class so far, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce, has touched me most. When I first began reading the story I felt as though I was not interested, because my assumptions of what the story was going to be about were completely different than the stories actual content. As I set aside my judgment and let myself try to enjoy the story, I found myself anxiously reading to the bitter end. This story was not only interesting and unique, but also had an added twist at the end, which surprised most readers. Depending on how observant the reader is with picking up on foreshadowing and symbolic meaning, one may realize before the final sentences that Peyton Farquar was not actually escaping†¦show more content†¦My home, thank God, is as yet outside their lines; my wife and little ones are still beyond the invaders farthest advance. Peyton shows signs of denial in this segment by presenting the possibility of escaping which is highly improbable at this point. An example of anger would be when the author says, To die of hanging at the bottom of a river!--the idea seemed to him ludicrous. To be hanged and drowned, he thought, that is not so bad; but I do not wish to be shot. No; I will not be shot; that is not fair. As Peyton begins hallucinating, he expresses anger that he might actually be shot now that he has escaped the hanging. An instance of depression strikes when the author says, By nightfall he was fatigued, footsore, famished. His neck was in pain and lifting his hand to it found it horribly swollen. He is exhausted and disoriented. Even the stars look different and He was sure they were arranged in some order which had a secret and malign significance. This shows clear signs of his struggle coming to an end, leading him into a depression that rationalizes his impossible survival. Falling into acceptance occurs when he feels as if he had Â…recovered from a deliriumÂ… and he sees his hom e,Â…all bright and beautiful At the bottom of the steps she stands waiting, with a smile of ineffable joy, an attitude of matchless grace and dignity. Ah, how beautiful she is! He springsShow MoreRelatedAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge857 Words   |  4 PagesAmbrose Bierce’s short story â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† is a story about a man’s final moments on earth before he is hanged and how he got there. There is a struggle within the character Farquhar of who he is and who he thinks he is. This causes different views throughout the story between reality and a fantasized reality. This plays a big role in the story because in part three of the story he thinks he is far superior and had outwitted his captures and escaped without a scratch after theRead MoreAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge1100 Words   |  5 PagesAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, written by Ambrose Bierce in 1890-1891, depicts an antiwar motif of the American Civil War. Bierce uses dramatic irony, descriptive imagery and the theme of time. The war was fought from 1861 to 1865 after seven Southern slave states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as the â€Å"Confederacy† or the â€Å"South.† The remaining states were known as the â€Å"Union† or the â€Å"North.† The war’s origin was the issue of slavery, especiallyRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge1288 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"him†, the narrator is speaking in third person. Because the narrator s knowledge is limited to one character, the story is written from a limited omniscient point of view. â€Å"An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge† is split into three sections. At the beginning of the story, the narrator states, â€Å"A man stood upon a railroad bridge in northern Alabama . . . a rope closely encircled his neck† (Bierce). Immediately, the reader knows the protagonist is about to be hang ed and the story is taking place in northernRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge1065 Words   |  5 PagesBrianna Toddy Mrs. Neil DC Language Arts 3 Period 2 18 November 2015 6. Is â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,† commercial fiction whose sole purpose is to entertain, or is it a serious piece of art, yielding real insights into important aspects of life? Make a careful examination of plot as you pose your response. An Art Piece Called Life What would happen if you suddenly ran out of time: no longer able to tell someone you love them, unable to feel a lover’s embrace, or to feel the touch of a child’sRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge1338 Words   |  6 Pagesshort story, â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,† illustrates a theme of illusion versus reality distorted by the human mind. In the story, a man named Peyton Farquhar is about to be hanged on a railroad bridge towards the end of the American Civil War. Farquhar, a Confederate citizen eager to help the Confederate States of America’s cause, ventures out towards Owl Creek Bridge at the advice of a Union scout in disguise. Unbeknownst to Farquhar, Union troops captured the bridge and surrounding territoryRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge1485 Words   |  6 PagesFor my literary analysis I chose to analyze Ambrose Bierce’s short story â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.† The short story was publis hed in one of Bierce’s most famous and best works, â€Å"The Tales of Soldiers and Civilians.† It was a story based on some experiences from Bierce’s service in the Civil War. In Ambrose Bierce’s short story, â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†, Bierce uses characters, the setting, and Farquhar’s hallucination to show the inhumanities of war and why it should be endedRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge2025 Words   |  9 PagesAmbrose Bierce’s â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† does not follow the typical conventions of a plot-heavy story. The sequence of events initially appears minuscule: a supporter of the Confederacy named Peyton Farquhar is persuaded to attempt a sabotage of a Federal troop stronghold by a Northern scout in disguise, he is hanged, and in his final few moments of life hallucinates escaping his current situation and returning home. However, Bierce bolsters this lack of plot points with det ailed descriptionsRead More An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay560 Words   |  3 Pages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Ambrose Bierce weaves a tale of intrigue and captivation, by using shifts of voice and time in the story à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the first four paragraphs, Bierce begins the story using third person, and in this point of view, he creates reality. We can view the situation and all aspects while it is written in third person; we know precisely what is going on, we know it is real. Near the end of the fourth paragraph, the author shifts cleverlyRead More Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay885 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†, to me was about a man swindled into being killed. Before you die, your whole life flashes before your eyes. But for this man, it was not his life, but what could’ve happened instead of him dying being played out in his mind. Peyton Farquhar was a slave owner from Alabama that highly supported the south. The story started out with Farquhar standing on the edge of the bridge all tied up 20 or so feet above the swift moving river. There were soldiers posted allRead MoreAnalysis Of An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge762 Words   |  4 PagesThe Not So Sturdy Structure of Owl Creek Bridge In An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce Peyton Farquhar is being hanged for a war crime of telling a federal scout his idea to burn down the Owl Creek Bridge during the civil war. In an ironic twist, he is being hanged on the very bridge, he wanted to burn down. During the second part of the story we learn about Peyton and his wife. Then, in the third part of the story we jump back to the original setting of the story. Farquhar is falling

Serial Killers And Gender Differences - 950 Words

Motivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female who brought the concept of a female serial killer to the public’s attention, but she is not the only woman who has committed these types of crimes. Serial killers have different methods and traits, but some primary motivations can be gleaned from studying their case reports. One can also attempt to ascertain why the female serial killer is such a rarity and whether their motivations are similar. One motivation that quickly becomes apparent within a serial killer is that of psychopathy. Psychopathic traits include narcissism, irresponsibility, lack of empathy, promiscuity, poor behavior, lying, and impulsivity (Arrigo Griffin, 2004). Because they lack the ability to care or feel anyone else’s pain, it is easy for the perpetrator to disregard them and perform whatever acts they wish upon them. A psychopathic person also feels a low sense of self-worth, which can be elevated by inflicting harm on another person (Arrigo Griffin, 2004). Taking out their rage and anger on the other person also can be a way in which a psychopath can correct anyShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers And Gender Differences Essay974 Words   |  4 Pageseywords: Serial killers, females, psychopathy, archival research Motivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female whoRead MoreKiller Vs. Serial Killers929 Words   |  4 PagesKiller vs Killer Countless people especially, criminologist have researched serial killers because they are so fascinating. Many disagree as to what the legal definition of a serial murder, which is, â€Å"[t]he unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in separate events. (Morton et al. 9). There is certainly not any dispute that there have been both male and female serial killers. Most of the research and documentation is specifically aimed around male serial killers. Over allRead MoreKiller Vs. Serial Killers924 Words   |  4 Pages Killer vs Killer Countless people, especially, criminologists have researched serial killers since they are fascinating. Many disagree as to what the legal definition of a serial murder, which is, â€Å"[t]he unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in separate events. (Morton et al. 9). There is certainly not any dispute that there have been both male and female serial killers. Much of the research and documentation is specifically aimed around male serial killers. Overall,Read MoreThe Murder Of Serial Killers1703 Words   |  7 PagesA grieving mother drapes herself over the casket of her deceased son. The 14 year old had fallen victim to one of the most infamous serial killers in history, Jeffrey Dahmer. Dahmer killed a total of 17 known victims, all between the ages of 14 and 33. In his most recent murders, he often resorted to necrophilia, cannibalism, and permanent preservation of body parts (â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer Biography†). The mother looks at what is left of her son’s face, the face that once smiled to her every morning beforeRead MoreFemale Serial Killers: Statistics and Research864 Words   |  3 PagesFemale Serial Killers: Serial killer is described as an example of a murderer who kills several individuals over a long period of time. While these people are usually male motivated by various psychological motives such as power, the number of female serial killers has increased significantly in the recent past. Unlike their male counterparts, female serial killers use less visible means of murder such as poisoning in order to keep under the radar and remain discrete (Gilbert et. al., 2003). SinceRead MoreRelationship Between Ethnic Minority And Women And The Level Of Traits Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Sociopaths have continued to be an interesting phenomenon to the outside world. What most people don’t know is that sociopaths usually suffer from some spectrum of Antisocial Personality Disorder. According to Grohol (2016), Differences Between a Psychopath vs. Sociopath, sociopath and psychopath are both categorized as antisocial personality disorders. Deceit and manipulation are the main features to this personality disorder. An associate professor of Psychology and NeuroscienceRead MoreWomen Serial Killers or Partners to One678 Words   |  3 Pagesthe victims. Most peoples initial reaction to a woman taken into custody for murder is â€Å"She must have been abused.† There is very limited research on female serial killers, and even less so as women in partnerships with men since they are rare cases. However, according to a study produced by Hickey (2006), 31% of the 64 female serial killers between 1826 and 2004 were in a partnership. Women who enter these partnerships either want to be taken seriously as an offender (Thompson 2009), or want toRead MoreEssay on Female Serial Killers738 Words   |  3 PagesFemale Serial Killers While most of the violent crimes that happens most are them are belongs to men, women have not been the wilting flowers promoted so heartily by Victorian adorers and (right or wrong) often evident in todays society. Before we get into detail about the fascinating phenomenon of the Black Widow, it is worth a brief overview of womens escalating role in the world of violent crime, particularly in the United States. Since 1970, there has been an increasing and alarming riseRead MoreSerial Killers Case Study1526 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Throughout history, people have been fascinated by the topic of serial killers, primarily because one cannot understand why an individual would be willing to take multiple lives with no remorse. For many years investigators, sociologist, and criminologist have continuously researched these individuals. Current research on anti-social personality disorder and psychopathic behavior has led to information on serial killer’s biological development and environmental factors. There is very littleRead MoreThe Effects Of Sociopaths On The Criminal Justice System Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesto Grohol (2016), Differences Between a Psychopath vs Sociopath, sociopath and psychopath are both categorized as antisocial personality disorders. Deceit and manipulation are main features to this personality disorder. An associate professor of Psychology and Neuroscience from the University of New Mexico, and a District Judge from Denver, Colorado, wrote in an article, The Criminal Psychopath: History, Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics, and stated that a big difference in psychopaths is that

Which Strategies for Conflict Resolution Would You Employ Free Essays

Cathal McCabe PO4107 Id# 085475 Word count: 3290 Which strategies for conflict resolution would you employ in cases of violent ethnic conflict? Explain why giving examples of success and or failure. 3,534 in Northern Ireland. Approximately 140,000 in Former Yugoslavia. We will write a custom essay sample on Which Strategies for Conflict Resolution Would You Employ? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Approximately 800,000 in Rwanda. The list goes on. Violent ethnic conflict is simply a harsh reality of life that has cost millions of innocent civilians their lives. We have witnessed its atrocities first hand in our lifetimes, and have sometimes felt powerless as individuals to curtail it. We can employ successful strategies for conflict resolution but the question really is how do we implement them successfully? There are strategies working, but the key now is to identify the successful strategies and be quicker to implement them in the future. In July 2010 Stefan Wolff declared that casualties from ethnic conflict have decreased by two-thirds in just over a decade – 12,000 killed in ethnic wars of 1997/1998, today this figure stands at just over 4,000 (Wolff, 2010). Ethnic conflict is unlikely to ever go away, but the death toll has reduced somewhat. Is reducing the death toll the best success we can hope for in resolving conflict? Will ethnic conflict ever go way or can we only moderate the violence? Have we eventually learned that war is not the answer or have we simply become more efficient at peacekeeping? Are these deaths simply down to ethnic pride or is there another reason which spurs man on to kill his own people? This essay will attempt to determine the true meaning and motives for ethnic conflict. It will then examine what the â€Å"strategies† for resolving ethnic conflict are, and examine the application of these strategies as the causes and resolutions to various conflicts throughout the globe. It will draw a helpful analysis of the cases of Rwanda as a failure and Northern Ireland as a success and what we can learn from it. Ultimately it will try and discover what the best strategies for conflict resolution are in order to minimise the trail of destruction left behind by violent ethnic conflict†¦ US President John Adams once asked â€Å"Do I have to study politics and war so that my sons may have the liberty to study mathematics and philosophy†? We must first look into the reasoning of ethnic conflict before we can achieve peace and freedom. The theories behind the motives for violent ethnic conflict are rooted in the origins of nationalism. Connor Walker describes the nation state as â€Å"a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit† (Walker, 2004, P. 2). Theorists argue that this is an evolution from the simple meaning of the word â€Å"nation† (a community that share a common ancestry) per se. Ethnic conflict may simply be a process of evolution as nations look to establish themselves and represent a community of belonged people -the citizens. Perhaps there must be a common bond for a nation to remain at peace. Anthony Smith notes that ‘not only must nations be founded upon ethnic cores if they are to endure’ (Smith, 1986, p. 207). Therefore if a nation is colonised or artificially planted with a different tribe, a friction is likely to occur. This of course is the starting point of ethnic war. Ethnic violence ensues. By studying the origins of their motives we can understand their ailment better and it’s then easier to cure. The very first rule in employing successful strategies is having a deep understanding of the motives of the conflict. Engaging in conflict resolution without knowing the full purposes of the conflict is political recklessness. We must sympathise before we can strategize (Hutchinson, Breuilly, and Smith, 1994, P. 104). Nationalism and ethnic identity are the core tenets of ethnic conflict hence the phrase â€Å"ethno-nationalism†. Extreme nationalists will harbour a need for identity and this involves being amongst their own citizens. It is these very people, extreme nationalists, who are the principle actors in ethnic conflict; it’s essentially a mass crusade driven by unsatisfied nationalists (Hastings, 1997, p. 27). Ethnic conflict therefore is in lay man’s terms is the struggle for man to be amongst his own people in a community. Furthermore they are likely to want this community to be the chief and sole power in a nation as in the case of the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda. The one question that remains to be answered however is why experts believe that ethnic conflict has become more prevalent since the Cold war? Academics like Samuel Huntington predicted a proliferation of conflicts fuelled by tribalism, resource scarcity and overpopulation (Huntington, 1993, P. 2). The reality is that this period witnessed a rise in ethnically-informed secessionist movements – mainly in the former communist states like in Former Yugoslavia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Wallensteen and Sollenberg hold that â€Å"the displacements of capitalist states were accompanied by a decline in total warfare, ethnic wars and the number of refugees and displaced persons† (Wallensteen and Sollenberg, 1995 , P. 350). Ethnic conflict certainly seems to be a â€Å"new phrase† but the reality is that unrest and disillusionment always occurred in states. It’s also a certainty that it’s in man’s natural instinct to defend himself and what he loves until he is secure and established – much like his state. Each case of violent ethnic conflict is different, but the motives remain largely the same. Those who plan strategies for ethnic conflict should be well briefed on the case. Understanding is crucial; otherwise the results are severe†¦ There are common themes in the raison d’etre of ethnic nationalist violence – lack of belonging, lack of understanding and a lack of true leadership. Edward Everett once said that â€Å"education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army†. It’s the very people who commit the atrocities that don’t have these basic needs. The case of Rwanda provides us with the perfect breeding ground for violent ethnic conflict – uneducated peoples led by a brainwashed Government. In April 1994 two tribes strived for these basic needs as a longstanding ethnic struggle culminated with 20% of an entire population being wiped out by genocide. This case provides us with all the ingredients of mismanagement of conflict strategy which only coerced further violence – approximately 800,000 deaths in just over 100 days. It was managed so badly that it prompted former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan to declare in 2000 that â€Å"the international community failed Rwanda and that must always leave us with a bitter sense of regret† (Doyle, BBC, 2004). In this case the minority Tutsi tribe were overthrown by the Hutu tribe in the rebellion of 1959-62. The Tutsi tribe looked to seize back power when the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front – a Tutsi dominated rebel group) invaded Rwanda from the Ugandan border. The small East African country was in crisis until an eventual ceasefire in 1993 with assistance from neighbours Tanzania. This however came to an abrupt end in April 1994 when leader Habyarimana was assassinated by the RPF leader Paul Kagame (Hintjens, 2008, P. 5-7). The Hutu’s responded with mass slaughter (genocide) of the Tutsi’s and their own people who they believed to be collaborationists. The ceasefire in 1993 provided Rwanda with an opportunity to resolve the conflict peacefully but as we will see the Government provided weak strategies to consolidate the peace. The only solace we can take from 1994 is what we can learn from it in order to strategize better in the future. All the elements are present to encourage violent ethnic conflict; the strategies employed only incited more violence. In Rwanda there was a lack of education at all levels, from the people on the ground right up to brainwashed Government officials who were obsessed by power and sought to accomplish it all costs. Education comes from liberal thinking, being open to a variety of sources and having the resources in place to attain this (Dewey, 1994, P2). None of this was possible in a country of authoritarian rule with little choice or democracy for voters. The then incumbent Prime Minister Jean Kambanda revealed in his testimony before the International Criminal Tribunal that genocide was openly discussed at cabinet meetings, and that the people believed that Rwanda’s problems would be over without the Tutsi (Doyle, BBC 2004). The people were blinded by myths; they believed that peace pacifists were collaborating with the other side. A large part of this comes down to how the media was run. The Hutu’s controlled the radio and the many who could not read bought into their propaganda campaign (Melvern, 2006, P. 7). For those who could read would read the Hutu run journal â€Å"Kangura†, and its â€Å"ten commandments†, one of which being â€Å"the Hutu should have no mercy on the Tutsi’s† (Melvern, 2004, P. 49). The ancestral divide in Rwanda called for conflict resolving strategies to be put in place. Instead the authorities increased the divide by insisting on â€Å"tribal ID’s† and encouraging identification myths about the other tribe such as skin colour etc. The Government for their part organised two militia groups to assist the killings – the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi (Melvern, 2006, pp. 4-27). We can still see the effects of poor leadership today as Libya has been torn apart under the Gaddafi regime. Ethnic conflict like this highlights the importance of citizens to fight for democracy, to fight for freedom, and fight for choice. The leader of a country has a monumental bearing on the outcomes of a nation. We must fight for our freedo m to choose. This involves participating in democracy to help maintain it (Diamond, 2009, P. 12). Strategy starts on the ground with the citizens; afterwards power is vested in the Government. Unfortunately in Rwanda a corrupt power influenced the media, which in turn corrupted an unwitting population. Sometimes history and circumstances can be unfortunate on a country like Rwanda and the people may have little choice. A country in trouble may often require outside assistance to attain peace. This is a major factor why Rwanda failed and Kofi Annan’s words pay testament to this. In their hour of need Tanzania, other neighbouring countries and the UN were helpless. Rwanda was ultimately left with nothing but warmongering strategies and this is why it failed. A case like Rwanda needs outside help, and hopefully we have learned to be more responsive. Unfortunately the circumstances were ideal for genocide in Rwanda which probably afforded the outside forces with little chance. Ultimately there was no democracy in the strategy in Rwanda. The natives and outside forces were powerless to strategize effectively and the result is a lesson we must take to future conflicts. The Northern Irish story began in 1609 with the Ulster plantations, but it’s â€Å"The Troubles† which are commonly understood as beginning in the sixties (McGarry, O’Leary, 1995, P. 18). The violence was led by the armed campaigns of the IRA (Irish Republican Army) and UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force). Alongside the violence, there was a political deadlock between the major political parties in Northern Ireland over the future status of Northern Ireland and the prospective form of government. On learning from the case of Rwanda we now can now examine successful strategies for conflict resolution. . In May 2007 two men from contrasting backgrounds (Martin McGuinness and Ian Paisley) met at Stormont and finally shook hands, sealing a horrible conflict that sentenced 3,534 people to early deaths. However 4 years later on June 20th of this year and the violence threatened to escalate again†¦ Attaining peace may be a greater challenge than ever in two communities of disenfranchised people. Assuming that fair democracy is being practiced the responsibility now rests with the powers that be – the Government. The role of the leader is central, a leader is the figurehead for an interest group and his/her attitude towards a conflict will be examined carefully (Ackerman, 2002, p. 32). In 1997 Ireland and Britain elected new Governments. Both leaders Bertie Ahern and Tony Blair made the Northern question a priority. Tony Blair’s first reaction in the North was to hand down the gauntlet to the IRA who refused to abide by a ceasefire at the time (incidentally a year before the Omagh bombings). Tony Blair stated â€Å"my message to Sinn Fein is clear. The settlement train is leaving. I want you on that train. But it is leaving anyway and I will not allow it to wait for you†. The impetus that the new leaders brought to the table was a positive strategy; they brought a renewed energy and innovation reinvigorating the campaign. The primary strategy for solving conflict is peace-talks and negotiation. This involves compromises, consensus-building and some level of mutual trust. The party leader must earn this and their personality is a key factor in an attempt to reach an agreement. A peace agreement or accord is a formal commitment between hostile parties to end a war. In the North a simple ceasefire wasn’t enough, a state with its own Government had to be established (Bew, 1994, p. 32). Regardless of the political decisions made, negotiators have to prepare for â€Å"spoilers† (groups that have an interest in sabotaging the process) and public rejection of settlements. When the public has experienced significant trauma, it may not be ready to make compromises or accept a negotiated solution, as happened repeatedly in the North. It is the task of the leadership to generate support for peace. The personality of the parties involved is a very significant in making peace talks a successful strategy. Peace talks are the primary means of conflict resolution so it could be said that appointing the right negotiation team is a fundamental strategy to success, which thankfully it was in May 2007. Leaders have a role to play outside of peace talks too. The â€Å"ambassadorial† role in everyday society involves sharing with people who have suffered. Diplomacy is at the heart of conflict resolution strategy. It shows that a Government cares and is still in control in a society that still abides by law and order. In August 1998, Mary McAleese walked the streets of Omagh consoling the victims, while her husband Martin visited familes of UVF militants. This showed that they were not isolated but that the World cared, Ireland cared and there was an urgency to end the conflict. This was above strategy, it made strategy essential. Peace had to be achieved, and the leaders were relentless until it was achieved. Dr. Matt Cannon explained the need for a multi-level approach at a lecture in October. This involves all levels of the community coming together, the Government uniting and external sources showing interest in resolving conflict (Cannon, 2011). All tiers are uniting to create a powerful peace-building team. In Guatemala and Northern Ireland, civil society forums were established to promote wider societal involvement in the peace process. The terms â€Å"third side† or â€Å"track three† are sometimes used to describe the effort of engaging and uniting individuals at the community level to generate â€Å"people’s power,† public opinion and coalitions in support of peace. In Northern Ireland the communities have come together to rally against the violence and promote peace which is a massive help to the process. One practical example was the replacement of sectarian murals with peace-walls. A common memory and identity is now being created in Northern Ireland. A segregated community is being replaced by a common identity. Both sides are remembering each other’s losses and giving up something for the common good. There is now evidence of shared features such as memorials, museums and holidays which are also finally being reflected by a common Government. Dennis Murray worked for most of his career as Northern Ireland correspondent for the BBC. This September BBC filmed a documentary covering his reporting of the Troubles. The documentary finished with Murray’s parting thought – â€Å"we can’t build a new future without unravelling the past. The story of conflict in Northern Ireland will never finish† (From Our Ireland correspondent, 2011). The case of the Troubles is as close as we may ever come to conflict resolution and it’s equally fascinating to analyse the strategies employed in this quest. The strategy that now needs to be employed in the North is maintaining peace. There may be no textbook strategy to resolving conflict; it is an ongoing effort to maintain peace in Northern Ireland. Each case is different. Peacemaking in Northern Ireland is a model for resolving ethnic conflict resolution throughout the World. The one factor that appears to be in Northern Ireland’s favour as opposed to Rwanda however is that Northern Ireland was a developed country with a better environment to carry out a conflict resolution. The first virtues in successful conflict resolution are patience and persistence. In Northern Ireland there was a persistence to achieve an end to violence and achieve peace by successful political means. The security forces in Northern Ireland enforced the law. This strategy of law enforcement brought the paramilitaries to realisation that they could not win (Ruane and Todd, 1996, P. 17). There was no overnight solution to ending the violence. The British Government admitted that the IRA could not be eliminated militarily. Utimately ethnic violence is a force. It requires a strong team to defeat it. International interest strengthens a peacebuilding team massively. Bill Clinton’s regime shared an interest in the Troubles and appointed George Mitchell as special envoy. He was presented with the Liberty Medal in 1998, where he stated: â€Å"I believe there’s no such thing as a conflict that can’t be ended. They’re created and sustained by human beings. They can be ended by human beings. No matter how ancient the conflict, no matter how hateful, no matter how hurtful, peace can prevail† (Mitchell, 1998). Northern Ireland now had a combat team, this is where Rwanda failed where external sources were powerless. A case of violent ethnic conflict that becomes unmanageable is referred to the UN. The United Nations was established to replace the flawed League of Nations in 1945 in order to maintain international peace and promote cooperation. Peacekeeping is a primary mission on the UN with the aim of helping countries torn by conflict and creating the conditions for lasting peace. It is the last resort following peacemaking and peacebuilding (Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, 2004, P. 5). The United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorise peacekeeping operations. The role of peacekeepers is to help uphold any agreements made during peacetalks. Peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace. Another viewpoint raises the problem that the peacekeeping may soften the troops and erode their combat ability, as the mission profile of a peacekeeping contingent is totally different from the profile of a unit fighting an all-out war. Before peacekeepers should be deployed theUN has a role in providing assistance in the development of human rights an democracy in the various countries and preventing these countries from becoming a breeding ground for ethnic conflict like Rwanda was (Jasper, 2001, P89). The UN also has a role to encourage more women to become involved in conflict resolution. The lack of involvement for women has a negative impact on resolving conflict and in society. In this essay we have seen what works as successful strategies for conflict resolution. First of all we must be vigilant and defend democracy – preventing conflict from occuring in the first place. We must also uphold law and order as a combat to violence. We must participate in peace and democracy and elect the right leaders and believe in their charismea and diplomacy to solve conflict. We must also acknowledge the roles of member and identity in building an imagined community as part of a three-tier approach. The top tier of UN involvement is only required in times of desperation. Ultimately ethno-nationalism will never go away but violence can. As George Mitchell declared on appointment â€Å"there is no place for violence at the table of democracy†. Bibliography Ackerman R (2002), The Wounded Leader: How Real Leadership Emerges in Times of Crisis, Jossey-Bass, P. 32 Bellamy A, Williams P, Griffin S (2004), Understanding Peacekeeping, Polity, P. 5 Bew P (1994), Ideology and the Irish question: Ulster unionism and Irish nationalism, 1912-1916, Oxford : OUP, P. 2 Cannon M (2011), â€Å"Achieving peace in Northern Ireland†, Speech on October 25th, University of Limerick. Dewey, John (1944). Democracy and Education, The Free Press. pp. 1–4 Diamond L (2009), The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World, St. Martin’s Griffin, P. 12. Doyle M, (2004-03-26), UN chief’s Rwanda genocide regret, BBC, available: http://news. bbc . co. uk/2/hi/africa/3573229. stm [accessed: 2011-11-12] Doyle M (2004-03-26), Ex-Rwandan PM reveals genocide planning, BBC, available: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/africa/3572887. tm [accessed: 2011-11-12] From our Ireland correspondent (2011), BBC, Monday 3 October at 10. 35pm Hastings, Adrian, (1997), â€Å"The construction of nationhood: ethnicity, religion, and nationalism†, Cambridge Press, P27. Hintjens Helen, (2008), ‘Post-genocide identity politics in Rwanda’ Ethnicities, Vol. 8, No. 1, P. 5-7 Hutchinson, Breuilly, and Smith (1994), Nationalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, P. 104 Huntington, Samuel (1993) The clash of civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72(3), pp. 22-49 Jasper W (2001), United Nations exposed, John Birch Society, P. 9 McGarry, J, O’Leary B (1995) Explaining Northern Ireland. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 18 Melvern, Linda, (2004) Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide, 1st ed. London: Verso, 2004, P. 49 Melvern, Linda, (2006), C onspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide, 2nd. ed. , London: Verso, P. 7 Mitchell G (1998), Liberty Medal acceptance speech, speech on July 4, 1998. Available: http://www. constitutioncenter. org/libertymedal/recipient_1998. html [accessed: 2011-10-08] Ruane, J and Todd J (1996) The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland: Power, Conflict and Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 17 Smith, Anthony (1986) The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell. Wallensteen P and Sollenberg M (1995) After the Cold War: Emerging patterns of armed conflict 1989-94, Journal of Peace Research 32(3), pp. 345-360 Walker C (2004), The Timelessness of Nations. Nations and Nationalism, New York: Alfred Knopf. Wolff S (2010), â€Å"There is no good news about ethnic conflict and civil war†¦or is there? †, Speech in July 2010, Oxford, Available: http://www. frequency. com/video/stefan-wolff/506736? raw=true [accessed: 2011-10-23] How to cite Which Strategies for Conflict Resolution Would You Employ?, Essay examples

Voting Rights and Governance

Question: Discuss about the Voting Rights and Governance. Answer: Introduction Athletics Australia sports organization is responsible for all the athletic sports in Australia. In this assignment the brief analysis of voting rights, its structure, governance model and funding schemes from the managerial point of view. In the following assignment all these parts are being briefed and summarized. The complete analysis is done from the perspective of the Chief Executive Officers point of view. Members Voting Rights of Athletics Australia As the CEO of the Athletics Australia, I have given the right to appoint and dismiss a director the members in NSO and they have the right to replace some parts of the board or the entire board. They also have the right to reject or approve the changes to the constitution and important changes to the NSO primary business. They have the authority to reject and approve the basic business items at yearly meetings such as agreeing to the audit or basic business motions (Ausport.gov.au 2016). The board and the management have been provided the power to act in a better way for the entire sports activities in the organisation and the other associates who will be benefited from this. According to the Macdonald and Ramsay (2015), Corporations Act of the voting rights of Athletics Australia, I have classified the member specifically for two kinds of resolutions; ordinary and special resolution. Voting Structures of Athletics Australia Being the CEO of the Athletics Australia, the most important aspect for the organisation is to review their voting structures which allocate votes to its members. Moreover, I have narrowed the voting to two structures and they are one member-one vote and Proportional voting. The proportional voting structure has posed important difficulties to the performances and effectiveness for functioning in delegate or federated governance model for the Athletics Australia (Australia 2013). The proportional voting origins in the sport has effective decision making structure and it has been defined to be progressive. The other voting structure, one member one vote is latest introduction in our organisation and they are supported by the ASC. This is the basic principle which is commonly implemented to our organisation. NSO Governance Models of Athletics Australia Federated Model Our governance structure is completely focused on the national teams management and liaising with other national federations (Ausport.gov.au 2016). The business or organizational model supporting the structure is defined by the state association members who have their own board directors, functioning as different businesses or organizations. One management model or National behavior Our second hybrid model is the unified and federated model. We have adopted the model from the TA (Triathlon Australia). It has benefited our organisation with the clients that are trustworthy and committed to enhance the business. The key advantage of the model is the adoption of a (CRDBMS) Centralized registration DBMS. Unified model The third model of governance in our association is the right structure for our sport with completely aligned clients throughout the system (Horton 2015). It is helpful to us for achieving a structure that removes the inefficient structure of the current governance and improvise the efficiencies of one management. We have adopted the Unified management model where other services and finances are center specifically pooled. Funding Within a Federated Model in Athletics Australia In our company, the funding is specifically significant in cases where the sports have associated the direct funding through the constitution into their governance model. The principle drawback in sports is when the model tax funding is unable to provide the support for the sports revenue (Vinsurancegroup.com 2016). Moreover, our model has its challenges for the sports participants where it is seen as a taxation system. Hence it plays a vital role when the sports are not able to create the required different revenue generation from various other activities such as donations or sales, sponsorships and broadcast. A complicating affect occurs when the governing body member such as beneficiary and the customer provides the constitutional rights to take the decision (Athletics.com.au 2016). This model has set the stage and model for revenue generation for our business funding and functionalities. There is a decentralised funding system like other various profit companies, sports under thi s basis model functions. Conclusion The above assignment shows the different structures of the government model in NSO and its various ways of funding. The federated model, unified and one management model are the three classification of the governance model in Athletics Australia. The CEO of the organisation have considered all of the situations and developed them for growth of the organisation. The assignment has a brief analysis of the funding system in Athletics Australia. References Ausport.gov.au (2016).[online]Available at: https://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/643732/PSS_33968_Governance_Reform_Discussion_Paper_WEB_FA.pdf [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016]. Ausport.gov.au. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/531165/Mandatory_Sports_Governance_Principles_FINAL.pdf [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016]. Macdonald, R.D. and Ramsay, I., 2015. Constitutional Voting Rules of Australian National Sporting Organisations: Comparative Analysis and Principles of Constitutional Design.Available at SSRN 2502662. Australia, A., 2013. Athletics Australia Coach Accreditation Framework and Accreditation Programs. Horton, P., 2015. The Governance of Sport in Australia: Centralization, Politics and Public Diplomacy, 18602000.The International Journal of the History of Sport,32(10), pp.1238-1261. Vinsurancegroup.com (2016).index. [online] Available at: https://www.vinsurancegroup.com/athleticsAustralia/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Athletics.com.au. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.athletics.com.au/Portals/56/Admin/Documents/Strategic%20Plan%202013-2016_lowRes.pdf [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Bibliography Browne, M., 2015. Denying democracy: A cruel decision has deprived Victorians of their voting rights.Australian Rationalist, The, (96), p.36. Fowler, A., 2013. Electoral and policy consequences of voter turnout: Evidence from compulsory voting in Australia.Quarterly Journal of Political Science,8(2), pp.159-182. Legacy, C., Curtis, C. and Sturup, S., 2012. Is there a good governance model for the delivery of contemporary transport policy and practice? An examination of Melbourne and Perth.Transport Policy,19(1), pp.8-16. Rowland, N., 2016. CEO's report: Access to key players during the Budget and election.Taxation in Australia,50(11), p.649.

My Lost Love Essays - 9, DraftZoro 4 Eva, Startup Cult, Lost Love

My Lost Love It was ever so dark that evening. It hurt to look at her. It was like looking at my heart barely beating on the floor. I couldn't stand it. Love never hurt me this much. I can't believe this happened. Why me? Why her? Why us? In an instant it was over. I remember the first time we met. It was actually kind of funny. She was walking her dog. Actually, the dog was walking her. I was reading a poem and walking along. When all of the sudden, we collided. The second I looked up into her eyes, I fell for her harder than an avalanche off of Mount Everest. I think she felt the same way because we didn't look away for what seemed like 5 hours. We talked in the park for about an hour and a half. She told me her name was Kristeen Thorne and told me that she was a new student at Orangeville High School; the same school I attended. We found that we had six out of seven classes together, which was a very good thing. I asked her to go out with me that Friday night. We went to the movies first, and then we went to Vinnie Vicci's Italian restaurant. The date was perfect and the person I was with made the date seem like Heaven. We dated non- exclusively for about one month. On our one month anniversary, I gave her my letter jacket which I earned playing varsity football. And while I did that, I asked her to date exclusively. She answered my question so fast I didn't realize that she said yes. We started going out together almost every weekend and talked on the phone all night and walked with each other to class everyday, and I gave her a ride to and from school everyday. We had been going out for about 3 months. The student body voted us cutest couple of the year. We had to get our pictures taken for the year book. We went to the spring dance together and were voted the king and queen of the dance. Then the school year came to an end. That summer we spent most of the time together. We went to Kyber Lake for the Fourth of July weekend. My dad let us borrow his boat for the weekend, and we stayed at a camp ground. On Friday, when we got there, I took the boat for a test drive to see if it was still running. It's was working. I took her to the little secret cove that only I knew. We stayed in that cove for about 2 hours just talking and kissing and gazing at each other. At that time, the only thing I was hoping for was that this moment never would end. When I looked into her soft blue eyes, I was completely under her spell. We would stare into each others eyes and then kiss. Her soft, tender lips caressing mine, and all I could do was watch the magic. She had this touch. It was like an angel touching my soul. We went back to camp about 9 :30 p.m.. On Saturday, some friends came and camped with us for the rest of the weekend. We were on the boat most of the time at the lake skiing, tanning, and show- boating. The summer flew by faster than light. When school started, our feelings had increased. This year we only had 3 classes together, but it didn't affect how much we saw each other. The first few months of the school year went by really quick. Matt, my close friend, was having a Halloween party at his house. We decided to go as Romeo and Juliet. Everyone thought our costumes were cute. Matt, the smart person he is, did not allow any beer at this party, but Kristeen and I promised each other we would never drink at parties. We all partied our hearts out, but in the end, Matt had one heck of a mess to clean up. As the year went on, we kept the romance alive. It finally got to our one year anniversary on December 17, 1998. For our anniversary I gave her a 1 karat diamond necklace, and she gave me a 24 karat chain and in the middle of the chain were both of our names connected with two hearts. Christmas came around and everyone was in a holiday mood. My family celebrated Christmas with a family reunion, and Kristeen's

How to Make a Real Lava Lamp

How to Make a Real Lava Lamp There a recipes all over the internet for easy lava lamps, but they arent the real deal. Thats because true lava lamps are a bit trickier to make. If youre ready for the challenge, heres what you do. Lava Lamp Materials Benzyl alcohol4.8%  saline solution40-60 Watt light bulbGlass containerOil-soluble markerGlass bottleTin canDimmer switchPlywoodTools How to Make the Lava Lamp Break open an oil-soluble marker or pen and place the inked felt into a container of benzyl alcohol. Leaving it in longer will give a darker color, but will also increase the tendency to bleed into the brine.A few minutes is usually a good time to leave the inked felt in the alcohol. A Sharpie bleeds too much into the brine, so choose a different type of marker.The benzyl alcohol, specific gravity 1.043 g/ml, and 4.8% salt water (brine, specific gravity 1.032 g/ml) go into the glass container. A bottle about 10 inches tall is good.Build a base to hold the bottle over the lamp using a tin can and plywood. A dimmer on the light will allow you to control heat.You may wish to place a fan at the top of the bottle to cool the liquid at this location.You will need to experiment to get the best distance between the heat source (light) and the glass container.You want about 150 ml benzyl alcohol and the remainder of the liquid to be brine. Seal the bottle, but allow airspace.Try about 1 inch of air space at the top, to allow for expansion of the fluids. The amount of airspace will affect bubble size. Responsible adult supervision is required! Because the materials may be toxic and there is a flammability hazard, this project is not intended for young or inexperienced investors. Tips for Success Alternatives to benzyl alcohol include cinnamyl alcohol, diethyl phthalate, ethyl salicylate, or nitrobenzene.An oil-based ink may be used instead of the marker.If the benzyl alcohol floats to the top and stays there, add more water. If the alcohol stays at the bottom, add more salt (NaCl).A trace amount of an antioxidant, such as BHA or BHT, may be added to the liquid to add color and increase contrast.Please read the  Material Safety Data Sheet  for benzyl alcohol before performing this procedure. Have fun and be safe!

Denny's Corporation - Analysis on 2011 Annual Report Research Paper

Denny's Corporation - Analysis on 2011 Annual Report - Research Paper Example These executives are mainly involved in the decision making process in the company and decide about the expansion or franchising projects that the company undertakes. (Denny's, 2012) The company also has a very catching title that says, ‘America’s diner is always open’, showing their great commitment towards serving their customers. (Denny's, 2012) The company’s profitability ratios indicate that the return on assets is substantially positive, 33.93%, giving a good indication that the company is making money out of its current assets very effectively. Nevertheless, the ROE gives a very bleak picture for its investors with a negative value of 198%. This is not a good sign for its equity holders who are not being repaid for their capital that they have invested in the company and are probably suffering in the form of stuck capital. It can also be said that the company is finding it hard to attract new investors as its image as a profitable investment has been badly tarnished. The company’s current ratio is very high compared to industry standards, 70.2, indicating a strong control over the short term assets with which it can finance its day to day operations or pay off its debts. The working capital indicates that the company requires excessive amount of money on a daily basis to keep the operations running. As the business consists of high variable costs due to its ongoing purchase of raw materials, it requires plenty of short term cash to finance these costs. The difference between the current and acid-test ratio shows why inventories form such a big part of the current assets of the company, contributing around 60% of total current assets of the company. The company’s activity ratios show signs of a promising growth as the inventory is converted into finished goods 96 times in one year. On the other hand, the company receives back its credit within an average of 10.9 days, showing there isn’t much delay between t he transaction and the inflow of cash. This is a good sign for Denny’s Corporation as it requires great sums of money in the short term to finance its inventories of raw materials. By maintaining such low Accounts Receivable Turnover that company ensures it keeps on getting cash from its customers to further fund its operations in the future. The company didn’t pay out any dividend to its shareholders indicating why it isn’t a great investment for investors and not a good opportunity for growth in the long run. Although the company has a respectable price to earnings ratio of 3.72, meaning that for every dollar the company earned, the price that the investor has to pay for the company’s share was 3.72. Keeping this in mind, the company still didn’t offer any dividends to its equity holders and instead resorted to retaining the profits within the company either for purpose of expansion or funding the operations of the company. The company’s l everage ratio portrays a risky picture. The company has roughly 1.02 units of debt for every 1 unit of asset, making it highly volatile and prone to huge burden and failure to pay the interest payments. The company has high financial leverage and can use it to their advantage if it carefully monitors the progress of the company. At the moment, the debt to equity ratio is 37.22, which is substantially higher than a safe level. This can be

Treating Abused Adolescents by Eliana Gil Essay

Treating Abused Adolescents by Eliana Gil - Essay Example Gil begins the book by outlining the case of Jennifer, who was subject to sexual abuse from the age of 2. Having run away from home and several foster homes, she turned to prostitution and panhandling and becomes pregnant by the age of 13. Jennifer was a seemingly hopeless case as she had suffered too long and too deeply. Yet she dug deep within and found the courage to cope with her problems effectively. On this inspiring note, Gil proceeds to give an overview of the book. She describes the term â€Å"adolescence† and gives us a history of its roots, explaining how social and political movements and changes have influenced our perception and understanding of these individuals. Adolescence is a crucial developmental period in the life of the individual and traumatic events that disrupt normal development may have lifelong implications for the victim. This is therefore a serious issue and one that has been largely ignored because of existing misconceptions about adolescents who are in a delicate transitional phase, where they are neither children nor adults.

The impact of import tariff on Vietnam’s automobile sector

The impact of import tariff on Vietnam’s automobile sector Automobile industry plays a vital role in the development process of any countries in the world. Automobile industry has a significant multiplier impact on the development of a country and a driver of economic growth because of its forward and backward linkages with some crucial sectors of the economy structure (Nag, Banerjee, Chatterjee, 2007). Specially, with Vietnam- a developing country, this industrys development helps Vietnam in achieving the goal Industrialization modernization and encouraging the countrys growth. By openness policies, Vietnamese auto industry is a leading industry to develop other industries such as the chemical industry, metal, and electronics. According to Mr. Nguyen Xuan Chuan, the minister of industry (2003) said that: If we develop and try to obtain localization rate of 30%, after 10 years, the automobile industry creates approximately $250 million with 10.000 workers, equally the value of export rice of many million farmers. It can be said that the automobile industry is one of the most vital sectors to upgrade the Vietnam position in the world. However, the Vietnamese automobile industry is still quite young. Before the period 1990s, the Vietnams automobile operated according to the governments plans, most of cars were imported, the domestic manufactures worked basically on simply repairing that imported cars ; The auto industry has existed since 1986, when Vietnam conducted openness policies- the DOI MOI restructuring process began. The Vietnams automobile industry has begun to dramatically growth; it resulted from benefits from the open policy and a range of incentive activities of the government. Beside, calling for foreign investment, the government had preferential policies to attract investment. It made Vietnamese auto market became more heated; many foreign investors came to Vietnam to research and plan investment projects. However, at that time Vietnam, due to the economic sanctions that the US placed on Vietnam, most of automobile manufactures of the US, Japan, and the Europe limited in having investment divisions. As the result, they used to indirectly invest through Asia companies. Although having many difficulties and obstacles, this period was a vital foundation to form Vietnamese auto assembler companies. The year 1991, when the US deployed the embargo against Vietnam, remarked an important step in relationship between Vietnam and the US. It was also a crucial incentive to develop Vietnams auto industry and following that a range of leading join venture manufactures set up such as Ford, Toyota, and Mercedes-Benz in Vietnam. So by the end of 1990s, there were up to 11 JVs in Vietnam. The existing of these famous brand names, it reflects clearly that Vietnam is a potential market. Besides, these beginning success are derived from suitable policies of policymakers. Consequently, the Vietnams auto market obtains an admirable growth speed. Since 2003 the Vietnamese automakers have developed dramatically when the government approved the strategy of Vietnamese automobile industry development to the year 2010, vision 2020 in which encouraged all economic sectors participating in the automobile industry and eagerly accelerated state-owned automakers. In 1990s the majority of market share appro ximately 90% belonged to the production of the join venture manufactures, whereas a tiny rate was those of the Vietnamese companies. However, there was a sharply change in terms of the domestic market share between them, the domestic manufactures increased significantly their sales volume and accounted for 43% of the total sales in 2007 (Report on investment in automobile, 2007). To help the domestic automobile industry having a sustainable position in the domestic market, from that to able to penetrate into foreign market, Vietnam conducted some protection measures. In the first period, tariff including non- tariff and tariff imposed on imported cars with high rate, so tariff barriers and non tariff protected effectively the infant auto industry. Actually, it created a huge difference between imported cars and assembled cars in the country in terms of price. However, the strict protectionism made the imported cars price in Vietnam is much higher than other countries. For example, a new car named Ford -Taurus was imported in the Vietnamese market higher approximately 300% than in the US (Baston, 1998). Evenly, a car assembled in Vietnam is more expensive than the same one in the US due to only there is a small number domestic manufactures investing seriously in production to improve their competitive abilities, while the most ones operate at simple assembling level (Nguyen, 2007). It creates an unfair situation for the Vietnamese consumers as they have to pay a much higher price. Applying strict barriers is essential way to protect and force the development of this leading industry, but do its impacts really positive and effective? The answer is current situation in Vietnam, many domestic assembled companies and joint venture companies do not many exchanges to improve localization rate and competitive abilities with imported cars. Due to these companies depend too much on these protection tools from the government and take them becoming a comparative advantage. Actually, it is a worry issue with the Vietnams auto industry when integrating into the globalization market, all barriers will be eliminated. I.2-Research focus The price of a imported car in Vietnam is contributed by many restrictions from government rules such as value added tax, special consumption tax and import tax, which causes the amount of money for a car in Vietnam that is much higher than other countries. Imposing high tariff rate not only brings huge revenue for State budget, consumption orientation for social but also affect strongly domestic market. Specially imposing high import tax makes the price of an imported car increase, which is disadvantage for foreign companies in competition with local ones. Clearly, most local manufactures want the high import rate to gain more profit and market share. This is an unfair treatment and it is also eliminated in the short time, because one of the most important regulations in free trade wherein all barriers are removed on trade among members. (Dominick Salvatore, 2007, p340). However, clearly it may be a useful way to protect an infant industry as the Vietnams auto industry to have necessary time to prepare it to be able to overcome difficulties and challenges in the beginning period from the other developed competitors. A major focus of this research will concentrate on impact of import tariff imposing on completed car up until recently; including challenges to the Vietnamese car as tariff come down to 0% in 2018. What motives to change tariff before 2007, which is the period Vietnam was not a member of the World Organization Trade (WTO)? What positive and negative impacts is the auto gained from imposing import tariff? To gain a deeper understanding of these issues prevailing in the industry, two main activities need to be considered: a review of relevant literature to ascertain current research findings to exam the forces that are driving to impose tariff and including potential challenges the industry faced in the short next time; and empirical data collection on changes in the volume and value of imported and domestic completed car and the overall views of some economics on the industry in imposing import tariff, also difficulties as the tariff is coming down to 0% in 2018. I.3-Significance of the study Automobile industry plays a vital role in the development of Vietnamese economy. An opening economy and special integrating The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a great chance for quick penetrating with the world economy for Vietnam. Also, it creates plentiful of opportunities for Vietnams auto industry such as attracting foreign investment and technology to improve comparative abilities not only in Vietnam but also in other markets. However, beside a range of these benefits, by opening the market, it causes increasing imported commodities which are difficulties for domestic economy. Therefore, imposing and applying imported rules that accord to commitments are necessary. A study The impact of import tariff on Vietnams car sector is significant to provide basic information in terms of the relationship between import tariff and its impacts through a specific case. Moreover, it is helpful for making strategy plans for the automatic sector in the future. Specially, being a member of WTO creates not only opportunities but also challenges. Firstly, Vietnam has to implement a range of commitments with the role of a member; that is eliminating restriction barriers. Car sector is not an exception. According to commitments with WTO, CEPT, AFTA and ACFTA, Vietnam has to reduce import tariff with imported cars and the time to apply the rules shorten. For example, in terms of completed import car, from now to 2013, Vietnam has to reduce the rate of tax from 83% to 60% and it is 0% in the year 2018 and at that time the domestic industry will have to compete for market share by itself ability without any support. Currently, it can be that the mainly advantage of bo th car produced and assembled in Vietnam is price which is affected mostly by tax. Therefore, as the tariff is coming down, the price of imported car will really much cheaper than domestic car. It will be a huge challenge for Vietnamese car that does not create comparative advantage in terms of neither quality nor price. This raises the question of whether the Vietnamese car industry can survive. A significant decrease in the short time may be a disadvantage for domestic companies. Therefore, to improve competitive ability, all of local companies need to have specific development plan to win in the home market. I.4-Overall research aim and individual research objectives The overall aim of this study is to have a deeper understanding of the impact of import tariffs on Vietnams auto industry in particular. However, in order to understand the role of import tariffs in the industry, it is necessary to gain an insight into the forces driving the imposition import tariffs. Therefore two main research vehicles that needed to clarify the issues of this research: a in-depth review of relevant literature and the collection and analysis of empirical figure. The details of the research strategy and the data collection techniques to be required to gain the empirical data are presented in the Research Methods section. Specifically, the objectives of this research are to: 1, Identify the meaning, motives for applying import tariff and the forces driving chances to the import tariff. 2, Examine the effects of applying import tariff on completed imported cars and domestic car volume in Vietnams automobile industry. 3, Evaluate the challenges faced as the tariff come down to 0% in 2018. 4, Compare the recommendations and views of some economics. The first objective- on import tariff drivers will attempt to answer the questions: What is import tariff? Why have to impose import tariff? What is the role of import tariff in the development process of each industry? Next, objective 2 the role of import tariff in the Vietnams auto industry- provides opportunity to gain meaning insight the effects of import tariff in specific context. The objective 3 on difficulties may be faced in the future of the Vietnamese auto- will give some indication of how much the industry will be challenged, as the tariff comes down to 0% in 2018 according to the signed commitments. Finally, the objective 4 formulating recommendations in the impact of import tariff in the industry as a result from review of literature and analyzing empirical data. The next chapter the literature review- examines literature pertinent to the objectives of this study, beginning with an investigation of what is meant by the term import tariff. II Literature review II.1 Introduction This Literature Review will examine the main issues the motives for applying import tariff in all commodities in general and in the auto industry in Vietnam in particular. The literature review of this research concentrates on objective 1 (the second and third objectives will be analyzed though the empirical data collection, while the final objective is derived as a result of the outcomes of the other objectives.) 1, Identify the meaning, motives for applying import tariff and the forces driving changing of import tariff. 2, Examine the effects of applying import tariff on new imported car and domestic car volume in Vietnams automobile industry. 3, Evaluate the challenges faced as the tariff come down to 0% in 2018. 4, Formulate the recommendations and views of some economics. By investigating the above literature, a deeper insight will be stimulated in the study. The strategic forces pushing impose import tax in general and in the Vietnams auto sector in specific. Though this part, a critical comprehension of key issues will be clarified. In the first instance, a worth starting point is to define the terms of import tariff and infant industry, from that to explore main issues of this research. II.2 Defining tariff and infant industry A tariff is a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as it crosses a national boundary. (Dominick Salvatore, 2007, p.248). Tax is one of the restrictions that are imposed on trade among countries in the world. The rate of tariff may be an obstacle or incentive way for coping with the nations trade. Tax policy plays an important position in car section, clearly it influents both internal and external car firms. For example a change in import tariff affects not only directly on the imported cars but also indirectly on the domestic cars. Due to a crucial role of tax, so Viet Nam also has suitable changes to contribute in the development of this section. Infant industry argument the argument that temporary trade protection is needed to set up an industry and to protect it during its infancy against competition from more established and efficient foreign firms. (Dominick Salvatore, 2007,p) The use of tariff policy as a potential retaliatory weapon against foreign countries has been observed both historically (Perry, 1955) In small open economy, the imposition of an import tariff has little effect on the world price of the commodity. In general, a tariff attracts resources to the protected sector and shifts demand away from foreign goods. The tariff, however, not only drivers up the relative price of the commodity in question, it also raises revenue (Caves and Jonkes, 1985) The persistence of tariff is very important issue mainly for political economy reason (Baldwin, 1985; Dales, 1966) Critics of protection maintain that temporary protection designed as a relief for ailing industries or an incubator for infant industry will quickly become a permanent fixture in the economy. Automobile policy in some countries Mexico As other countries, the automobile industry plays a crucial role in Mexicos industrialization strategy and is one of the key sectors to contribute the development process. To compete with foreign manufactures and have enough time to mature its domestic companies, the Mexican government also has some particular policies to protect this important sector. Initial, the government declared an Automobile Decree that is the formal implementation of these programs to regulate production, sales and imports of vehicles and auto parts. The aims of these activities were to encourage local automobile manufactures operations. The development of Mexicos automobile industry divided into four phases. Firstly, the period of time before 1962 as the Automobile Decree issued, the main activities of Mexicos auto industry was assemble auto parts with less than 20 percent of domestic factors and most vehicles being imported into Mexico. Secondly, the period of time from 1962-1976: import substitution, at that time the Automobile Decree was stipulated. The content of this Decree banned importation of vehicles of completely knocked down kits (CKDs), of engines, and of many major automobile parts. Beside, another important point of this Decree was requirements such as about the ratio of localization on vehicle assembled in Mexico, in specific, it must reach 60 percent local valued added, and a 40 percent limit on foreign ownership of auto parts plants. With a range of strict regulations, they created a tightly protected domestic market. However, it caused international competitive that was not exist in the Mexican market. This leaded to negative results such as poorer quality vehicles and higher production cost than foreign competitors. Thirdly, the period of time from 1977 to 1989: Toward international competitive through trade protection and export promotion. The main aim of this phase was to support export. It require at least 50 percent of the foreign exchange requirement of terminal firms to protect automobile parts manufactures, value- added requirement were tightened and foreign firm remained excluded from majority ownership. Due to strict rules, automobile companies had to modernize their Mexican plants to apply these conditions. They had to have decisions to restructure for up to date technology, new building plants. Moreover, the workers had chances to improve their skills, qualified to control modern plants. With clear objectives, Mexico became one of the big competitive exporters. Lastly, the beginning of trade liberalization period, in December 1989, the Decree for the Modernization and Promotion of the Auto Industry authorized imports of new vehicles for the first time since 1962. The open up the automobile parts markets in many significant ways. However, at that time it can be said that the Mexican automobile industry had certain position not only in the domestic market but also in the outside markets. Thus, the decree opened up the automobile market only brought new opportunities for the Mexican companies to broaden distribution network. Specially, when Mexico integrated into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) including three countries Mexico, Canada and the United State, even though most protected barriers on imports of new cars to Mexico were removed or reduced significantly, the regional trade expanded enormously, a range of giant manufactures such as Honda, Mercedes Benz, BMW, Toyota located in Mexico to supply its plants in the US. From the development of the Mexican automobile industry, one of the most outstanding points in the policies of Mexico is requirement domestic content and value added in each production, also the ratio of localization of all enterprises. Essentially, the value added requirement became a function of domestic sales and imports of finished vehicles (Fernandez, 1994). Thailand With flexibility and suitable internal and external policies in each period of the development progress, the Thai automobile industry overcame many challenges and difficulties in the early time to achieve many successes and become the leading automaker in ASEAN. The Thai automobile industry dated in the early 1960s. At that time, in order to attract foreign investors to set up their operations in Thailand, the government had some incentive policies that remarked many manufacture from the US, Japan and Europe located their factories in the country. However, from incentive rules to establishment plants, the number of entrants and inefficient import depended assembly operation soared which caused trade deficit and difficulties to gain economies of scale (Fujita, 2000). In response, the government accepted a new policy aimed at progressive localization of auto production. In 1971, the automobile Development Committee announced a policy requiring progressive increases in localization ratio to 25 percent for passenger cars and 201 percent for commercial cars by 1975. These regulations had positive replies in the early period for example many join venture companies started to invest in Thailand and Thai firms also became actively improvement their operations. However, the strict localization ratios created competition between locally assemble cars and imported CBU automobiles. Beside the size of the market seem to be small compared to the number of the existence plants in Thailand. Consequence, an import ban on the CBU passenger cars, an increasing import tariff on CKD kit from 50 percent to 80 percent were imposed to reduce these pressures. In terms of the local contents requirement, the government decided for raise from 25 percent in 1978 to 50 percent 1983, but due to the economic recession in 1980s, the government banned setting up new enterprises and reduced the localization ratio to 45 percent in stead of 50 percent according to the requirement in 1978. Continuously, the first oil crisis and political instability caused the automobile industry in Thailand faced difficulties during the period from the late 1970s to the mid 1980s. Many foreign manufactures had to withdraw from the Thai market such as Ford, Fiat, and Gene ral Motor. However, the Thai economy significant recovered in the early 1990s with a range of positive changes in the general economy, also with liberalization policies in the auto industry in particular. In order to strengthen the international competitiveness of the industry by increasing competitions between local enterprises and decrease domestic car prices, in 1991, the government removed the ban on import of CBU passenger cars, simultaneously, drastic reducing duties in most imported car categories. This led to the prices gap between imported and domestically assembled and produced cars getting narrow. When the Thai automobile industry had particular comparative abilities, the Thai policymakers started to promote export orientation for the automobile industry in the year 1993. It can be said that this is important strategy remarked a new development phase of Thailands automobile industry, replaced previous policies which always targeted at the domestic market. Thus, the Thai government had an exclusive program called The Automobile Industry Export Promotion Project to achieve the given goals. A range of activities and new were implemented to attract more foreign investors also improve the ability of local enterprises through incentive policies such as exemption from import for auto parts and corporate income tax. Brazil The vehicle sales in Brazil were about US 3.1 million in 2009 and it expects raise to US 3.4 million in 2010 in prediction. With the drastic growing, the emerging market, age of coming forecasted may pass Germany to become the worlds fourth largest market. Brazil is a typical example for a huge development from an infant industry. Among factors contributing to create a high position of Brazils auto industry can not mention to the role of state policies. The modern Brazilian auto sector traced back to 1956 (Sharpiro, 1996). The government establishes a five-year plan to protect local parts companies. Beside, attracting foreign investment, technology and creating connections to complementary sector, the auto industry was identified as a leading sector in a broad import-substituting industrialization push. The approaches applied were restrict imports and force transportation automobile companies to choose between a banding the Brazilian market or producing vehicles with 90-95 percent Brazilian made content within five years. Evenly, the timing will be set by increasing barriers to entry if the entrant wants to delay its investment; in addition to the cost for exit market will be quite high as well. Actually, this was the strictest measures of Brazil to protect the domestic market. The industry, however, gained many positive improvements; transnational corporations had to upgrade their operations from simply assembling to full manufactu re. This led to develop of other supportive productions in Brazil. Not only offering strict regulations but the Brazilian also had financial incentive measure to stimulate all enterprises such as extensive subsidies to reduce the cost capital investment and guaranteed a return even if profit did not materialize. The 1960s marked a period of an instability economy and labor unrest in Brazil. The industry was affected heavily, with original eleven firms reduce to eight in 1968, many weak companies that did not have enough financial capability had to close. However, in the late 1960s also remarked recovery strongly of the Brazilian economy, specially, in the auto sector with the GDP up to 20% compared to 10% of the economy. Evenly, the production capacity could not keep track with rising demand, so many local enterprises started have plans to broaden investment. Once again, because of outside factors influent to development orientation of the industry, particularly changing international conditions. To balance foreign exchange, the auto industry was expected towards export as a solution for this context. Exporting, it means that the Brazilian had both opportunities and challenges from expanding the market. Clearly, there had to face strong foreign competitors such as Japan companies famous with low cost and high quality productions. In order to survive, the Brazilian automakers decided world car strategies, that allowed them can increase the volume and reduce the cost by economies of scale. When overcame these obstacles, global market would become to a benefits due to opening to new doors. Beside, the government also had particular activities to promote exporting progress though the Special Fiscal Benefits in 1972 including tax exemption on imported machinery, equipment and other parts, and waived federal and state value- added taxes on exports. In exchange, firms had to commit to long term export contracts and comply with minimum domestic content requirement (85 percent). Beside, the firms were also allowed to import a certain number of parts and component that had banned before. One of the most outstanding of the policies imposed in Brazils auto sector that was obligation the auto transnational automakers to produce cars and component for export in Brazil. For example, Fiat which until then had no presence in Brazil was allowed to enter the domestic car market only in exchange for exporting 155.000 engines. Actually with strict disciplines, they helped local enterprises including auto parts and supportive ones have more chances to develop not only in the domestic market but also the world market. However, the Brazilian automobile industry was really close for imported manufacture that went back with the trend of global integration. Therefore, in the 1990s, Brazils President decided to open the market to imported cars for the first time since the 1950s. This led to some chances in previous policies to harmonies with current context. For example, the ratio of local content decreased from 90 percent to 70 percent and the time to introduce new model to loosen protection measure also to offer flexible condition for domestic companies to compete with foreign competitors. Beside, the stimulating from the government, the companies themselves had specific activities to improve their comparative abilities such as modernizing plants in terms of technology, management to cut cost. II.3 Conclusion These are three typical examples for success developments. Even though, each the industries have different in terms of time and conditions in each countries. Clearly, all of them had to experience a difficult period in the early time. The countries had different measures at that time to protect infant industry. One of the useful tool is import duties beside other regulations. III- The effects of applying import tariff on completed imported cars in Vietnams automobile industry. According to Vietnam autos Report Q4-2010 New Market Report Published by Press Office stated that: Fluctuating tariffs are still a factor in Vietnams 12th position out of 14 markets in BMIs Business Environment Ratings for the autos sector in Asia Pacific. The highest score is for market risk, which stands at 85.0. Its country risk score has also risen from 49.8 to 51.5, taking its total score for risks to realization of returns up to 68.2. Vietnam is still a country we would expect to see climb the ratings in the future, particularly if its vehicle tariff policy becomes more consistent. Currently, a new imported car to Vietnam has to subject to three taxes that are import duty, excise tax, and value added tax. For example a new 5 seats car imported to Vietnam, the price itself has to added to three taxes import duty, excise duty and value added tax with the rate are 83 %, 50% and 10% respectively. Clearly, these taxes are important factors decided to how high in terms of price of a car is sold in Vietnam. Among three kinds of duties on cars, import tariffs have the highest rate. Moreover, it is an exclusive difference between domestic assembled or produced cars and imported cars. Thus, in order to find out reasons influent on imported cars that have indirectly impact on local cars, it is crucial to investigate the trend of import duties in Vietnam. III.1-The current condition of the Vietnams automobile industry The Vietnams automobile industry had more than two decades of prevailing and developing, it is so far in the early stage of an infant industry and just limits at simple automobile assembling (Nguyen, 2007). Source: VAMA Figure 1: The sales of local enterprises and the volume imported new car Advantage Vietnam is a new emerging and potential market and production base on for automobile products due to its dramatic economic growth and bid population of more than 84 million with low car ownership rate and possibility to grow as manufacture with good and bid labor forces. (Nguyen.2007) Joining in and taking advantages from liberalization brings about benefits of market expansion, technology transfer, labor division. Disadvantage -The size of market: The automobile industry needs to have very big initial investment capital for Equipment, factories, technology, RD and so on. Thus, it is difficult for them to reduce production cost, make profit and reinvest in productions if sales volume exceeds 300.000 units a year (Takayasu, 1998, p22) According to Vietnams Business environment Survey belonging activities of the Consulate General in December 2010, one of the problems is Vietnamese infrastructure including soft and hard. soft infrastructure: labor and legal basis_ Director of international financial corporation( IFC) Simon Andrew state that 50% enterprises do not want broaden their operations and one of the reasons is that the level of labor. Accor him, Vietnam can not win in global game if only based on cheap labor resources hard infrastructure : physical infrastructure- lack and slowness accor to America Chamber III.2 Vietnamese government policy toward the automobile industry Taxation policy is the main tool of policy makers in management of the automobile industry. It has direct effect on decision of business and production of the automobile makers. III.3- The effects of import tariff on Vietnamese automobile industry Source: The general department tax Figure 2: Timeline for Vietnamese new imported car duty Taxation policy is the main tool of policy makers in management of the aut